quinta-feira, 12 de outubro de 2023

Subjunctive

a/e

The subjunctive mood is used to express a desire or to make a suggestion about an action. It often takes the meaning of "let (someone) do (something)" or "(someone) should do (something)".

The subjunctive is most commonly used in the first person i.e. "Ben" or "Biz". However it can be used with any of the six personal suffixes.

  1. Positive (E.g. Let me go to school)
  2. Negative (E.g. Let me not go to school)
  3. Positive Question (E.g. Should I go to school?)
  4. Negative Question (E.g. Should I not go to school?)
IBen
YouSen
He / She / ItO
WeBiz
You (Plural)Siz
TheyOnlar
Personal pronouns

Positive

[verb root + "a/e" + personal suffix]

We start with the verb root. Then we attach the correct subjunctive suffix "a" or "e", depending on the last vowel of the verb root. Lastly, we attach the personal suffix.

Last Vowel of verb root▶a/ı/o/ue/i/ö/ü
Ben-[y]ayım-[y]eyim
Sen-[y]asın-[y]esin
O-[y]a-[y]e
Biz-[y]alım-[y]elim
Siz-[y]asınız-[y]esiniz
Onlar-[y]alar-[y]eler
Suffixes to be added to the verb root (Positive)

Examples

yapmak - to dogörmek - to see
Ben yapayımLet me doBen göreyimLet me see
Biz yapalımLet us doBiz görelimLet us see

If the letter at the end of the verb root is a vowel, we first attach a "y" to avoid having two vowels side by side:

başlamak - to startizlemek - to watch
Ben başlayayımLet me startBen izleyeyimLet me watch
Biz başlayalımLet us startBiz izleyelimLet us watch

Negative

[verb root + "ma/me" + "y" + "a/e" + personal suffix]

For negative, we attach the negative suffix "ma/me" to the verb root depending on its last vowel. Then we attach the buffer letter "y" to avoid having two vowels next to each other. After that we attach the correct subjunctive suffix "a" or "e", depending on the previous vowel. Lastly, we attach the personal suffix.

Last Vowel of verb root▶a/ı/o/ue/i/ö/ü
Ben-mayayım-meyeyim
Sen-mayasın-meyesin
O-maya-meye
Biz-mayalım-meyelim
Siz-mayasınız-meyesiniz
Onlar-mayalar-meyeler
Suffixes added to the verb root (Negative)

Examples

yapmak - to dogörmek - to see
Ben yapmayayımLet me not doBen görmeyeyimLet me not see
Biz yapmayalımLet us not doBiz görmeyelimLet us not see

Positive Question

[verb root + "a/e" + personal suffix     "mı/mi"]

We can easily turn a positive subjunctive verb into a question. All we do is add one of "mı/mi" after it. These are not suffixes but separate words altogether.

Verbs of this form take the meaning of "Should (someone) do (something)?".

Last Vowel of verb root▶a/ı/o/ue/i/ö/ü
Ben-[y]ayım mı-[y]eyim mi
Sen-[y]asın mı-[y]esin mi
O-[y]a mı-[y]e mi
Biz-[y]alım mı-[y]elim mi
Siz-[y]asınız mı-[y]esiniz mi
Onlar-[y]alar mı-[y]eler mi
Suffixes to be added to the verb root (Positive Question)

Examples

yapmak - to dogörmek - to see
Ben yapayım mı?Should I do?Ben göreyim mi?Should I see?
Biz yapalım mı?Should we do?Biz görelim mi?Should we see?

Negative Question

[verb root + "ma/me" + "y" + "a/e" + personal suffix     "mı/mi"]

Likewise, we can easily turn a negative subjunctive verb into a question. All we do is add one of "mı/mi" after it. These are not suffixes but separate words altogether.

Verbs of this form take the meaning of "Should (someone) not do (something)?".

Last Vowel of verb root▶a/ı/o/ue/i/ö/ü
Ben-mayayım mı-meyeyim mi
Sen-mayasın mı-meyesin mi
O-maya mı-meye mi
Biz-mayalım mı-meyelim mi
Siz-mayasınız mı-meyesiniz mi
Onlar-mayalar mı-meyeler mi
Suffixes added to the verb root (Negative Question)

Examples

yapmak - to dogörmek - to see
Ben yapmayayım mı?Should I not do?Ben görmeyeyim mi?Should I not see?
Biz yapmayalım mı?Should we not do?Biz görmeyelim mi?Should we not see?

"If"

(sa/se)

We say "if" in Turkish by attaching the suffixes "sa/se" to the verb. "sa/se" can be used with both positive and negative verbs and is attached after the tense suffix. We choose the correct one based on the last vowel before it i.e. in the tense suffix. Onlar is an exception, we attach "sa/se" right at the end.

 
 
Last Vowel of verb root▶a/ı/o/ue/i/ö/ü
Ben-sam-sem
Sen-san-sen
O-sa-se
Biz-sak-sek
Siz-sanız-seniz
Onlar-larsa-lerse

Examples

In Turkish, "sa/se" is most often used with the present simple tense:

Ben yazarsam - If I write
Sen duyarsan - If you hear
Onlar gelirlerse - If they come
Siz izlerseniz - If you watch

Ben unutmazsam - If I don't forget
Sen istemezsen - If you don't want
O okumazsa - If he/she/it does not read
Biz düşünmezsek - If we don't think

...however, it could be applied to any of the tenses:

Ben gideceksem - If I will go
Sen başladıysan - If you started
Biz koşuyorsak - If we are running
Onlar ödemişlerse - If they paid

Ben görmeyeceksem - If I will not see
Sen bulmadıysan - If you did not find
O beğenmemişse - If he/she/it did not like
Siz kullanmıyorsanız - If you are not using

"Must"

(malı/meli)

In Turkish we express "must" using the suffixes "malı/meli". We do this by attaching them to the verb root.

  1. Positive (Eg. You must come)
  2. Negative (Eg. You must not come)
IBen
YouSen
He / She / ItO
WeBiz
You (Plural)Siz
TheyOnlar
Personal pronouns

Positive

We attach one of "malı/meli" depending on the verb root's last vowel. Thereafter we attach the personal suffix.

Last Vowel of verb root▶a/ı/o/ue/i/ö/ü
Ben-malıyım-meliyim
Sen-malısın-melisin
O-malı-meli
Biz-malıyız-meliyiz
Siz-malısınız-melisiniz
Onlar-malılar-meliler
Suffixes to be added to the verb root (Positive)

Examples

yazmak - to writegelmek - to come
Ben yazmalıyımI must writeBen gelmeliyimI must come
Sen yazmalısınYou must writeSen gelmelisinYou must come
O yazmalıHe/she/it must writeO gelmeliHe/she/it must come
Biz yazmalıyızWe must writeBiz gelmeliyizWe must come
Siz yazmalısınızYou must writeSiz gelmelisinizYou must come
Onlar yazmalılarThey must writeOnlar gelmelilerThey must come

Negative

For negative, we attach the negative suffix "ma/me" to the verb root. The suffix we attach depends on the verb root's last vowel. Thereafter we attach one of "malı/meli" and finally we attach the personal suffix.

Last Vowel of verb root▶a/ı/o/ue/i/ö/ü
Ben-mamalıyım-memeliyim
Sen-mamalısın-memelisin
O-mamalı-memeli
Biz-mamalıyız-memeliyiz
Siz-mamalısınız-memelisiniz
Onlar-mamalılar-memeliler
Suffixes to be added to the verb root (Negative)

Examples

yazmak - to writegelmek - to come
Ben yazmamalıyımI must not writeBen gelmemeliyimI must not come
Sen yazmamalısınYou must not writeSen gelmemelisinYou must not come
O yazmamalıHe/she/it must not writeO gelmemeliHe/she/it must not come
Biz yazmamalıyızWe must not writeBiz gelmemeliyizWe must not come
Siz yazmamalısınızYou must not writeSiz gelmemelisinizYou must not come
Onlar yazmamalılarThey must not writeOnlar gelmemelilerThey must not come